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暗银河系的发现及其科学意义

In addition to conventional galaxies, the universe contains very dim galaxies that until recently went unnoticed by astronomers. Possibly as numerous as conventional galaxies, these galaxies have the same general shape and even the same approximate number of stars as a common type of conventional galaxy, the spiral, but tend to be much larger. Because these galaxies ’mass is spread out over larger areas, they have far fewer stars per unit volume than do conventional galaxies. Apparently these low-surface-brightness galaxies, as they are called, take much longer than conventional galaxies to condense their primordial gas and convert it to stars—that is, they evolve much more slowly.

These galaxies may constitute an answer to the long-standing puzzle of the missing

baryonic mass in the universe. Baryons—subatomic particles亚原子粒子 that are generally protons or neutrons—are the source of stellar, and therefore galactic, luminosity, and so their numbers can be estimated based on how luminous galaxies are. However, the amount of helium in the universe, as measured by spectroscopy光谱学, suggests that there are far more baryons in the universe than estimates based on galactic luminosity indicate. Astronomers have long speculated that the missing baryonic mass might eventually

be discovered in intergalactic space星系际的空间 or as some large population of galaxies that are difficult to detect.

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另类海豹哺乳方式与众不同

Until recently, zoologists believed that all species of phocids (true seals), a pinnipped family, use a different maternal strategy than do otariids (fur seals and

sea lions), another pinniped family. Mother otariids use a foraging strategy. They acquire moderate energy stores in the form of blubber before arriving at breeding sites and then fast for 5 to 11 days after birth. Throughout the rest of the lactation (milk production) period, which lasts from 4 months to 3 years depending on the species, mother otariids alternately forage at sea, where they replenish their fat stores, and nurse their young at breeding sites. Zoologists had assumed that females of all phocids species, by contrast,

use a fasting strategy in which mother phocids, having accumulated large energy

stores before they arrive at breeding sites, fast throughout the entire lactation period, which lasts from 4 to 50 days depending on the species. However, recent studies on

harbor seals, a phocids species, found that lactating females commenced foraging

approximately 6 days after giving birth and on average made 7 foraging trips during the remainder of their 24-day lactation period.

The maternal strategy evolved by harbor seals may have to do with their small size and the large proportion of their fat stores depleted in lactation. Harbor seals are small compared with other phocids species such as grey seals, all of which are known to fast for the entire lactation period. Studies show that mother seals of these species use respectively 84 percent, 58 percent, and 33 percent of their fat stores during lactation. By comparison, harbor seals use 80 percent of their fat stores in just the first 19 days of lactation, even though they occasionally feed during this period. Since such a large proportion of their fat stores is exhausted despite feeding, mother harbor seals clearly cannot support all of lactation using only energy stored before giving birth. Though smaller

than many other phocids, harbor seals are similar in size to most otariids. In addition,

there is already some evidence suggesting that the ringed seal, a phocids species that

is similar in size to the harbor seal, may also use a maternal foraging strategy.

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pheromones是什么东东，是不是该划为odorant

There is no consensus among researchers regarding what qualifies a substance as a pheromone. While most agree on a basic definition of pheromones as chemicals released by one individual of a species which, when detected by another individual of the same species, elicit a specific behavioral or physiological response, some researchers also specify that the response to pheromones must be unconscious. In addition, the distinction

between pheromones and odorants—chemicals that are consciously detected as odors---can be blurry, and some researchers classify pheromones as atype of odorant. Evidence that pheromone responses may not involve conscious odor perception comes from the finding that in many species, pheromones are processed by the vomeronasal (or accessory olfactory) system, which uses a special structure in the nose, the vomeronasal organ (VNO),to receive chemical signals. The neural connections between the VNO and the brain are separate from those of the main olfactory system, whose processing of

odorants triggers sensations of smell. But while the VNO does process many animal

pheromone signals, not all animal pheromones work through the VNO. Conversely,

not all chemical signals transmitted via the VNO quality as pheromones. For example,

garter snakes detect a chemical signal from earthworms—one of their favorite foods—via

the VNO, and they use this signal to track their prey.

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英语科普文章翻译

Does Technology Reduce Social Isolation?

Hundreds of daily updates come from friends on Facebook and Twitter, but do people actually feel closer to each other?

每天在Facebook和Twitter上都有朋友们数以百计的更新，但实际生活中人们是否感觉彼此更亲近呢？

It turns out the size of the average American’s social circle is smaller today than 20 years ago, as measured by the number of self-reported confidants in a person’s life. Yet contrary to popular opinion, use of cellphones and the Internet is not to blame, according to a new study released Wednesday by the Pew Internet and American Life Project.

根据互联网与美国生活专案周三发布的一项最新调查，在计算过美国人日常生活中自己认为的密友知己的数量后，事实证明当代美国人社交圈子的平均人数比他们20年前要小。但是与当前流行的观点所不同的是，这并不归罪于手机的使用和网络的普及。

In fact, people who regularly use digital technologies are more social than the average American and more likely to visit parks and cafes, or volunteer for local organizations, according to the study, which was based on telephone interviews with a national sample of 2,512 adults living in the continental United States.

根据一项调查表明，事实上经常使用数字技术的人比普通的美国人更具社交性，而且也更多的游览公园，光顾咖啡馆或更多的参加当地的志愿者活动。该项调查通过电话采访了美国本土大陆的2512名成年人。

The study found some less-than-social behavior, however. People who use social networks like Facebook or Linkedin are 30 percent less likely to know their neighbors and 26 percent less likely to provide them companionship.

这项调查也发现了一些不太符合社交性的习惯的行为，那就是，经常使用社交网站Facebook和Linkedin的人不太喜欢去认识他们的邻居，有26%的不喜欢和邻居交往。

The circle of close friends for mobile phone users tends to be 12 percent larger than for nonusers. People who share online photos or instant messages have 9 percent larger social circles than nonusers.

经常使用手机的人，他们的好朋友圈子比不使用手机者常常要多12%，在网上分享自己的照片和及时信息的人，他们的好朋友圈子比不使用者常常要多9%.

The study also found that people still prefer face-to-face communication as the primary means to stay in touch with friends and family (people see loved ones in person an average of 210 days a year). Respondents said that they were in touch via mobile phone an average of 195 days a year.

这项调查也发现人们更喜欢面对面的沟通，这是他们和好友和家庭成员保持联系的最重要的方式(人们一年中有210天会亲自看自己的亲人)。被调查者说他们一年中平均有195天通过手机和他们联系。

Scientists

discovered

that

"junk

DNA,"

the

base

pairs

between

known

genes

in

the

human

genetic

structure,

play

an

important

role.

Several

research

teams

have

found

that

DNA

between

genes

helps

determine

how

vigorously

and

often

the

genes

are

activated

and

shapes

the

coding

for

protein

production.

:科学家发现了

"

垃圾

DNA,"

在人类的遗传基因的结构已知的基因之间的恶劣双,扮演重要角色。

一些研究队已经发现

DNA

在基因帮助决定之间如何精力充沛地和时常基因被刺激而且为蛋白质的生产塑造那个编码。

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